MAHATMA GANDHI
Political leader
History of Mahatma Gandhi Political Leader
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, also known as Mahatma Gandhi, was a prominent political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement.
Date and time of birth: 2 October 1869, Porbandar
Date and place of murder: 30 January 1948, New Delhi
Wife: Kasturba Gandhi (viva. 1883–1944)
Children: Harilal Mohandas Gandhi, Devdas Gandhi, Ramdas Gandhi, Manilal Gandhi
Education: UCL Faculty of Laws (1888–1891),
First of all, as a migrant lawyer, Gandhi started a satyagraha in South Africa to fight for the civil rights of the people of the Indian community. He returned to India in 1915, after which he united the farmers, laborers and urban workers of this place to raise their voice against excessive land tax and discrimination. After taking over the reins of the Indian National Congress in 1921, she organized numerous programs across the country to protest against untouchability for the liberation of poverty, expansion of women's rights, the creation of religious and ethnic unity and self-reliance. In all of these, the program of achieving Swaraj was the salvation of foreign rule. Gandhiji gained special prominence from the Salt Satyagraha in 1930 and after that in 1942, the British Quit India Movement in protest against the salt tax imposed on Indians by the British Government. He also had to stay in prison for many years on various occasions in South Africa and India.
Gandhiji adhered to non-violence and truth in all circumstances and also advocated for everyone to follow them. He spent his life in the Sabarmati Ashram and wore a traditional Indian dress dhoti and a shawl made of cotton which he himself made by spinning cotton on a charkha by hand. He ate simple vegetarian food and kept a long fast for self-purification.
Early life
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2 October 1897 in western India in a coastal town of present-day Gujarat called Porbandar. His father, Karamchand Gandhi, belonged to the Pansari caste of Sanatan Dharma and was the Diwan, Principal Minister of a small princely state (Porbandar) of Kathiawar during the British Raj. In Gujarati, Gandhi means grocer, while in Hindi, Gandhi means perfume seller who is called perfumer in English. His mother Putlibai Parnami belonged to the Vaishya community. Putlibai was Karamchand's fourth wife. His first three wives died at the time of delivery. Due to the care of the devout mother and Jain traditions of that region, they had an early impact on the young Mohandas who later played an important role in the life of Mahatma Gandhi. These influences included feelings of excitement among the weak, vegetarian life, fasting for self-purification and tolerance among people of different castes.
Early marriage
He was married to 14-year-old Kastur Bai Makanji as soon as he completed 13 and a half years of age in May 1773. The wife's maiden name was shortened to Kasturba and she was affectionately called Ba. The marriage was an arranged child marriage arranged by his parents which was prevalent in the area at that time. But it was the custom in that area that the teenage bride had to live longer than her parents' house and her husband. In 185, when Gandhiji was 15 years old, his first child was born. But she lived only a few days. And in the same year his father Karamchand Gandhi also passed away. Mohandas and Kasturba had four children, all of whom were sons. Harilal Gandhi was born in 18, Manilal Gandhi was born in 1892, Ramdas Gandhi was born in 1894 and Devdas Gandhi was born in 1900. He did his middle school from Porbandar and high school from Rajkot. He was an ordinary student in both examinations. He passed the post-matriculation examination from Shamaldas College, Bhavnagar with some problems. As long as he remained there, he remained unhappy because his family wanted him to be a barrister.
Education abroad and advocacy abroad
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| Gandhi and his wife Kasturba |
About a month before his 19th birthday, on 8 September 18, Gandhi went to England to study law and become a barrister at University College, London. While leaving India, a pledge made by the Jain monk Becharji to his mother to renounce meat, liquor and narrow ideology to the Hindus greatly influenced the time he spent in his royal capital, London. However, Gandhiji also experienced English customs such as going to dance classes, for example. Still he could not digest meat and leaf cabbage by his landlady. He pointed to some vegetarian eateries. Instead of adopting directly what he had read about his mother's wishes, he intellectually accepted his diet of vegetarian food. He joined the membership of the vegetarian society and was also selected for its executive committee where he laid the foundation of a local chapter. He later set up significant experience in agencies credited it with giving. Some of the vegetarian people he met were also members of the Theosophical Society. This society was founded in 185 to strengthen world brotherhood and was dedicated to the study of the literature of Buddhism and Sanatana Dharma.
Gandhi in South AfricaThey inspired Gandhiji to read Srimad Bhagavad Gita. Gandhi did not show any special interest in religion before reading about Hindu, Christian, Buddhist, Islam and other religions. He returned to India after being called back to the England and Wales Bar Association but did not have much success in advocating in Bombay. Later, after being rejected as a part-time job as a high school teacher, he made Rajkot his permanent place to write suit applications for the needy. But due to the stupidity of an English officer, he had to leave this business as well. In his autobiography, he describes the incident as an unsuccessful attempt at philanthropy on behalf of his elder brother. It was for this reason that he accepted the practice of advocating a one-year agreement with an Indian firm in 1893 in Natal South Africa, which used to be a part of the British Empire in those days.
Civil Rights Movement in South Africa (1893–1914)
Gandhi faced discrimination against Indians in South Africa. He was initially thrown out of the train for refusing to enter the third class compartment after having a valid first class coach ticket. Not only this, while traveling the rest of the rungs, the driver of a European passenger also had to face an attack. He faced many other difficulties in his journey. Many hotels in Africa were forbidden for them. Similarly, there was one of the many incidents in which a judge of the court ordered him to take off his turban which he did not believe. All these events became a turning point in Gandhi's life and led to awareness of the prevailing social injustice and proved to be helpful in explaining social activism. In view of the injustice being done to Indians in South Africa, Gandhi raised questions for the honor of his countrymen under the English Empire and for his own position in the country.
Role in 1906 Zulu War
In 1906, two British officers were killed after the introduction of a new election tax in Zulu South Africa. In return, the British launched a war against Julu. Gandhiji actively inspired the British authorities to recruit Indians. His argument was that Indians should cooperate in war efforts to make their citizenship claims legal. However, the British refused to give Indians positions in their army. Despite this, he accepted Gandhi's proposal that Indians could voluntarily work to bring wounded British soldiers to the Stetcher for treatment. Gandhi took over the reins of this corps. On July 21, 1907, Gandhi wrote in the Indian Opinion that a corps was formed at the behest of the Natal government by experiment in connection with the operation against 23 Indian residents. Urged the Indian people in Africa to join this war through their columns in the Indian Opinion and said, if the government only feels that the reserve forces are becoming useless then they will use it and the Indians for the real fight We will give this opportunity by training.
In Gandhi's opinion, the 1906 draft ordinance was like bringing the status of Indians below the level of a resident. He therefore urged Indians to oppose the ordinance, citing the example of "Kafir". In his words, "Even half the castes and kafirs who are less modern than us have opposed the government. The rule of pass applies to them too but they do not show the pass.
Struggle for Indian freedom struggle (1914-1985)
Gandhi returned from South Africa in 1915 to live in India. He expressed his views on the conventions of the Indian National Congress, but his views were based on India's main issues, politics and the then Indian Congress leader Gopal Krishna Gokhale, who was a respected leader.
Champaran and Kheda
Gandhi's first major achievement came in 1914 in the Champaran Satyagraha and the Kheda Satyagraha, although the movements of indigo cash-paying food crops were also important, rather than the food crops needed for their subsistence. The oppressed Indians were given nominal compensation allowance due to the strength of the zamindars (most of the British), which surrounded them in extreme poverty. Villages badly dirty and unhygienic; And was bound by liquor, untouchability, and veils. Now the British imposed oppressive taxes to compensate for the imperial treasury due to a devastating famine, whose burden kept increasing day by day. This situation was disappointing. Kheda (Kheda), Gujarat had the same problem. Gandhiji built an ashram there where many of his supporters and new voluntary workers were organized. He made a detailed study and survey of the villages, keeping an account of the terrible incidents of atrocities on the creatures and also included the unproductive normal condition of the people. Creating confidence in the villagers, he started his work by cleaning the villages under which schools and hospitals were built and the rural leadership was motivated to eradicate many of the social evils mentioned above.
But its major effects were seen when he was arrested by the police for creating unrest and he was ordered to leave the province. Thousands of people protested and took out rallies outside jails, police stations and courts and demanded Gandhi ji to be released unconditionally. Gandhiji led the protests and strikes against the landlords who, under the guidance of the British Government, signed an agreement to grant more compensation to the poor farmers of that region and control farming, cancel the increase in revenue and collect it. Done. It was during this struggle, that Gandhiji was addressed by the public in the name of Bapu's father and Mahatma (great soul). In Kheda, Sardar Patel led the peasants for discussions with the British, in which the British were released from revenue collection and all the prisoners were released. As a result, Gandhi's fame spread across the country.
non cooperation movement
Gandhiji used non-cooperation, non-violence and peaceful retaliation as weapons against the British. The Jallianwala massacre on Indians by the British forces in Punjab, also known as the Amritsar massacre, caused great shock to the country, which sparked a flame of anger and violence in public. Gandhiji took both the British Raj and the reactionary attitude by Indians. He expressed condolences to British citizens and victims of the riots and condemned the riots after the party's initial opposition. After Gandhi's emotional speech, he advocated his theory that all violence and evil could not be justified. [29] But it was with this massacre and subsequent violence that Gandhiji took his mind to occupy the entire government and the Indian government The focus was on bringing complete control over the institutions of the state, which would soon turn into Swaraj or complete personal, spiritual and political independence.
In December 1921, Gandhi who was appointed as the executive officer of the Indian National Congress. Under his leadership, the Congress was organized with a new objective called Swaraj. Membership in Pardi was open to all on payment of nominal fees. In order to improve the discipline within it, a Padasopan Samiti was formed to make the party not a single elite organization, but to make it a party of the national people. Gandhiji expanded his non-violent platform to include Swadeshi policy - to boycott foreign goods, especially English goods. His advocacy associated with this was that all Indians should wear handmade khadi by our own people rather than the clothes made by the British. Gandhiji asked men and women to spend time in spinning yarn for Khadi every day to support the freedom movement. It was a policy of bringing discipline and dedication to overcome reluctance and ambition and to replace them with women at a time when there were many ideas that such activities are not respectable for women. Apart from this, Gandhiji also requested to boycott UK educational institutions and courts and quit government jobs and return the honors and honors received from the government.
Non-cooperation got far-reaching appeal and success which increased the enthusiasm and participation of people from all sections of the society. Then as soon as this movement reached its top, in February 1922, it ended in a terrible malice in Chauri-Chora, Uttar Pradesh. In view of the fear of the movement adopting a stand of violence and considering that it would destroy all its actions, Gandhiji withdrew this movement of widespread non-cooperation. Gandhi was arrested on 10 March 1922, Gandhiji was tried for treason in which he was sentenced to six years imprisonment and given a jail term. Since March 14, 1922, he had spent only 2 years in jail that he was released for intestinal operation in February 1924.
Without Gandhiji's unified personality, the Indian National Congress began to split into two parties during his two years in prison, one of which was led by Chitta Ranjan Das and Motilal Nehru, who favored the party's participation in the House. The leadership was led by Chakravarti Rajagopalacharya and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. In addition, cooperation between Hindus and Muslims was at the peak of the non-violence movement. Gandhiji tried to fill this gap with many means including fasting for three weeks with limited success in the spring of 1926.
Swaraj and Salt Satyagraha (Salt March)
Gandhiji kept away from active politics and for most of the 1920s he continued to fill the gap between the Swaraj Party and the Indian National Congress and in addition he started a movement against untouchability, alcoholism, ignorance and poverty. He first returned in 1926. A year ago, the British Government, under the leadership of Sir John Simon, created a new Statutory Reform Commission in which not a single member was Indian. This resulted in a boycott by Indian political parties. In December 1927, Gandhiji made a proposal in a session of the Congress held in Calcutta asking him to give power to the Indian Empire or face the Non-Cooperation Movement for the independence of the entire country as his motive for not doing so. Be prepared to do. Gandhiji not only fueled the ideas of the young men like Subhash Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru demanding immediate independence but also stopped his own demand for one year instead of two years. The British did not give any answer. No. 31 December 1929, the flag of India was hoisted in Lahore. The Indian National Congress celebrated the day of January 26, 1930 as the Indian Independence Day in Lahore. The day was also celebrated by almost every Indian organization. After this, Gandhiji launched a new Satyagraha in protest against the imposition of salt tax in March 1930, which was a journey of 400 kilometers (24 mi) from Ahmedabad to Dandi, Gujarat to commemorate the salt movement from March 12 to April 4. Salt can be produced. Thousands of Indians participated in this journey towards the sea. This was one of the most successful movements to distract the British hold in India in which the British sent over 70,000 people to jail.
The government, represented by Lord Edward Irwin, decided to hold discussions with Gandhiji. It was signed in March 1931 by the Treaty of Irwin Gandhi. To end the civil disobedience movement, the British government agreed to release all political prisoners. As a result of this agreement, Gandhi was invited to attend the Round Table Conference to be held in London as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. This conference was a great disappointment for Gandhiji and the nationalists, because it was focused on Indian prices and Indian minorities rather than transferring power. In addition, Lord Willington, the successor of Lord Irwin, began a new campaign to control and crush the movement of nationalists. Gandhi was again arrested and the government tried to prevent his followers from being influenced by Gandhi, keeping him completely away from them. However, this tactic was not successful.
Dalit Movement and Determination Day
Main article: Pune Agreement
In 1932, through the campaigning of Dalit leader and scholar scholar Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, the government approved separate elections to the untouchables under a new constitution. In protest against this, Gandhiji took a six-day hunger strike in September 1932, which forced the government to adopt a similar system of mediation by the successful Dalit-turned-political leader Palvankar Baloo. Untouchables by Gandhi to improve the lives of the campaign was conducted. Gandhiji named these untouchables as Harijans whom they considered to be children of God. On May 8, 1933, Gandhiji undertook a 21-day fast of self-purification to help in the Harijan movement [34]. This new campaign was not liked by the Dalits however they remained a prominent leader. Dr. Ambedkar categorically condemned Gandhiji's use of the word Harijan, that Dalits are socially immature and that Indians belonging to the privileged caste have played a patriarchal role. Ambedkar and his allies also felt that Gandhiji was underestimating the political rights of Dalits. Even though Gandhiji was born into a Vaishya caste, he insisted that he could raise his voice for Dalits, despite a Dalit Masiha like Dr. Ambedkar. Untouchability was a major evil in the social evils of India during the Indian freedom struggle, against which Mahatma Gandhi and his followers struggled. At that time the entry of Harijans into the major temples of the country was completely restricted. Thrissur, the district of Kerala state, is a major religious city in South India. There is an iconic temple here, the Guruvayur Temple, in which the statue of Lord Guruvayurappan, showing the childlike form of Krishna, is installed. Like other temples before independence, there was complete ban on entry of Harijans in this temple too.
The pro-Gandhi supporter of Kerala, Mr. Kelappan, raised his voice against this practice with the permission of the Mahatma and finally civil disobedience was started in 1933. The trustees of the temple were told that the first day of the new year, that is, January 1, 1936, would be celebrated as the last decision day, and in the event of no determination from their level on this date, the Mahatma Gandhi and Mr. Kelappan led the agitators. Fasting can be done in favor of For this reason, the meeting of the trustees of Guruvayur temple was called and the opinion of the worshipers of the temple was also obtained. In the meeting, on the basis of the majority given by the 7 percent worshipers, the entry of the Harijans into the temple was approved and thus the succession of the Harijans as a success of the determination day made in Sri Guruvayur temple in Kerala from 1 January 1937 Got approval. Guruvayur Temple, which is still forbidden by non-Hindus, however, God who believes in many religions is an ardent devotee of Guruvayurappan. With the inspiration of Mahatma Gandhi, the first day of January was celebrated as the determination day and the decision made was received. . In the summer of 1937, three unsuccessful attempts were made to kill him.
When the Congress party chose to contest elections and accepted power under the federal scheme, Gandhiji decided to resign from the membership of the party. He did not disagree with the party's move but felt that if he resigned, his popularity with the Indians would facilitate the strengthening of the party's membership which has hitherto belonged to communists, socialists, trade unions, students, religious leaders. Laker existed between trade unions and various voices. This will give all of them an opportunity to listen to their own words. Gandhi, while leading a party for the Raj, did not want to prove any goal by campaigning which would be temporarily accepted as a political arrangement with the Raj.
Gandhi returned to India in 1936 with the Lahore session of the Nehru Presidency and Congress. However, Gandhi wished that he should focus his full attention on attaining independence and not on speculation about the future of India. This did not prevent the Congress from adopting socialism as its objective. Gandhi had differences with Subhash Bose, who was elected to the post of party president in 1937. Gandhi's main points in differences with Bose were Bose's lack of commitment to democracy and lack of faith in non-violence. Bose won the second time despite Gandhiji's criticism, but left the Congress when all Indian leaders abandoned all the principles implemented by Gandhiji.
World War II and Quit India Movement
When World War II broke out in 1939 when Nazi Germany invaded Poland. At the beginning, Gandhi favored non-violent moral support to the efforts of the British, but other Congress leaders opposed the unilateral inclusion in the war without consulting the representatives of the public. did. All the elected members of the Congress collectively resigned their posts. After a long discussion, Gandhi announced that India would not be a party to any war if it fought outside for democratic independence when India itself was denied independence. As the war progressed Gandhiji intensified his demand for independence by giving the British the Quit India Movement. This was the most obvious rebellion of Gandhi and the Congress Party, which was aimed at expelling the British from the country of India.
Jawaharlal Nehru's party, sitting second to Gandhiji, was criticized by some members of the party and some other political Indian parties who believed in both the British and the opposition. Some believed that opposing the British during their lifetime or in the struggle for death was a mortal task, while some believed that Gandhiji was not doing enough. Quit India became the most powerful movement of this struggle which led to widespread violence and arrest. Thousands of freedom fighters were either killed or injured by police bullets and thousands were arrested. Gandhi and his supporters made it clear that they would not support the war effort unless India was granted immediate independence. He clarified that this time also this movement will not stop if individual acts of violence are materialized. He said that the order of chaos around him is worse than real anarchy. He asked all Congressmen and Indians to maintain discipline for ultimate freedom by doing or die with non-violence (do or die in English).
Gandhiji and all the members of the Congress Working Committee were arrested by the British on 7 August 1942 in Mumbai. Gandhiji was held captive for two years at Agah Khan palace, Pune. This was the time when Gandhiji suffered two deep blows in his personal life. His 50-year-old secretary Mahadev Desai died of a heart attack 4 days later and his wife Kasturba Gandhi died on 22 February 1949 after Gandhiji spent 14 months in jail. Six weeks later, Gandhiji also suffered from severe malaria. Due to his poor health and necessary treatment, he was released before the end of the war on 6 May 1979. Raj did not want to see him dying in jail, which would increase the anger of the country. Although the Quit India Movement was a partial success in its objective, but the stubborn suppression of the movement united India by the end of 1943. At the end of the war, the British gave a clear indication that the Santha would be transferred and handed over to the Indians. At this time Gandhiji stopped the movement, which led to the release of about 100,000 political prisoners including Congress leaders.
Independence and partition of India
Gandhiji advised the Congress in 1919 to turn down the proposal of the British Cabinet Mission because he was deeply skeptical of the proposed grouping for the Muslim majority provinces, so Gandhiji gave the episode a rehearsal of a partition. Seen as However, for some time this also became one of the incidents of differences with the Congress with Gandhiji (though not because of his leadership) since Nehru and Patel knew that if the Congress did not approve the plan then the control of the government would be by the Muslim League. Will go to Between 1979, more than 5000 people were killed during the violence. Gandhiji was against any such scheme which divided India into two different countries. The overwhelming majority of many Hindus and Sikhs and Muslims living in India were in favor of the partition of the country. Additionally, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, leader of the Muslim League, introduced extensive cooperation in West Punjab, Sindh, North West Frontier Province and East Bengal [citation needed]. It was only to prevent the widespread spread of Hindu-Muslim fighting that Congress leaders gave their approval to this plan of partition. Congress leaders knew that Gandhiji would oppose partition and it was impossible for the Congress to move forward without his consent, because Gandhiji's support in Partarthy and his position throughout India was strong. Close associates of Gandhiji accepted Partition as the best solution and Sardar Patel tried to convince Gandhiji that this was the only way to prevent a war with civil unrest. Mazabur Gandhi gave his permission.
He held intense discussions with leaders of Muslim and Hindu communities in North India as well as Bengal to calm the warm attitude. Despite the Indo-Pakistan war of 1979, he was harassed when the government decided not to give Rs.55 crore to Pakistan as per the agreement made by the Partition Council. Leaders like Sardar Patel feared that Pakistan could use this money to wage war against India. When the demand began to arise that all Muslims should be sent to Pakistan and the Muslims and Hindu leaders expressed dissatisfaction on this and Gandhiji was deeply shocked by the refusal to compromise with each other. He started his first fast-unto-death in Delhi in which he was asked to end communal violence immediately and pay Rs 55 crore to Pakistan. Gandhiji feared that instability and insecurity in Pakistan would increase his anger towards India and spread violence on the border. He further feared that Hindus and Muslims would renew their enmity again and that there could be a possibility of a civil war. After a passionate debate with allies who had supported Gandhiji throughout his life, Gandhiji refused to agree and the government had to stick to its policy and make payments to Pakistan. The leaders of Hindu Muslim and Sikh community assured them that they would bring peace by forgetting violence. These communities included the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Hindu Mahasabha. Thus, Gandhiji broke his fast by drinking orange juice.
The killing
Main article: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi assassination
The Manchester Guardian, February 14, 1949, was shown transporting through the streets.
On January 30, 1919, Gandhi was shot dead by Nathuram Godse while he was walking in the grounds of Birla Bhavan (Birla House in New Delhi. Gandhi's killer Nathuram Goudse was a Hindu nationalist whose radical Hindu Mahasabha It was the relationship with which Gandhiji was responsible for weakening India over the issue of payment to Pakistan . Godse and his co-conspirator Narayan Apte were later sentenced by running a case and on 15 November 1949 they were sentenced to Hanged. Gandhiji's memorial at Raj Ghat, New Delhi, has "Hey Ram in Devanagari". It is widely believed that the last of those who came out of his mouth when Gandhiji was shot. The words were. However controversy has arisen over this statement. Jawaharlal Nehru addressed the nation via radio:
Gandhiji's ashes were kept in an ashes and taken all over India to remind him of his services. Most of these were immersed in water on 12 February 1949 at the confluence in Allahabad, but some were kept in a separate holy form. In 1949, Tushar Gandhi immersed some of the contents of an urn in the bank, through the court, into the water at a place called Sangam in Allahabad. On 30 January 2007, after a businessman based in Dubai, another ash-urn containing Gandhiji's ashes was sent to the Mumbai Museum , he was immersed in water at a place called Girgaum Chowpatty. Another urn urn Aga Khan which is in Pune , (where he had been imprisoned since 1962) ended there and another at Atabodh Fellowship Lake Temple in Los Angeles. is kept. This family knows that this sacred ash can be misused for political purposes but does not want to remove them from here as it may pose a risk of breaking the temples.
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